La Zona Incerta (ZI) es una banda de sustancia gris ubicada entre el tálamo y el fascículo lenticular.

La estimulación cerebral profunda de la zona incerta caudal, es un tratamiento relativamente inexplorado y prometedor en pacientes con temblor esencial severo, aunque los datos preliminares indican, que la fluidez verbal puede quedar afectada (Fytagoridis y col., 2012).

Esta estructura, se sabe que recibe conexiones de la corteza cerebral motora primaria, sin embargo, sus eferencias son aún desconocidas.

- Sus principales aferencias provienen del segmento lateral del globus pallidus (fibras gabaérgicas), vía fascículo subtalámico.

- Por otro lado, sus principales eferencias son numerosas fibras excitadoras, que liberan glutamato al segmento medial del globo pálido.

- Lesiones en el núcleo subtalámico producen alteraciones motoras consistentes en movimientos involuntarios violentos y mantenidos de extremidades, y a veces de cuello y cara.

- La enfermedad llamada Hemibalismo se relaciona con este núcleo.

En la zona incerta y alrededores, las células descargan a baja frecuencia (<15 Hz) y presentan un potencial de acción de larga duración (>2 milisegundos; normalmente el potencial de acción varía de 1.1 a 1.6 milisegundos), en algunos casos con una muesca en una de sus ramas. Se distinguen en el altavoz ya que dan un típico tono, más grave que el de las células normales. Si bien las diferencias en la duración del potencial de acción de una neurona pueden parecer irrelevantes, pero son importantes para la identificación de la célula puesto que determinan el modo, delimitan la frecuencia de la descarga y su forma.

La estimulación bilateral de la ZI es segura y eficaz para suprimir el componente postural del temblor esencial (Plaha et al., 2011).

La cuestión de si la estimulación de la ZI puede limitar los efectos límbicos es deconocida, pero la evidencia preliminar es que mantenida en el tiempo puede mejorar los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en pacientes con estimulación cerebral profunda bilateral (Burrows et al., 2011).

En un estudio comparativo de estimulación subtalámica versus zona incerta en solo 4 pacientes con temblor esencial, la estimulación de la zona incerta fué superior (Blomstedt y col., 2011).

En un estudio con 18 pacientes,las actividades de la vida diaria mejoraron en un 65,8%, y no hubo necesidad de aumentar la intensidad de estimulación (Fytagoridis y col., 2011).

Bibliografía

Blomstedt, P. et al., 2011. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus versus the zona incerta in the treatment of essential tremor. Acta Neurochirurgica. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904970

Burrows, A.M. et al., 2011. Limbic and Motor Function Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Zona Incerta and Subthalamic Nucleus. Neurosurgery. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869721

Fytagoridis, Anders, Ulrika Sandvik, Mattias Aström, Tommy Bergenheim, and Patric Blomstedt. 2011. “Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor.” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry (December 28). doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205676.

Fytagoridis, Anders, Rickard L Sjöberg, Mattias Aström, Anna Fredricks, Lars Nyberg, and Patric Blomstedt. 2012. “Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation in the Caudal Zona Incerta on Verbal Fluency.” Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 91 (1) (November 13): 24–29. doi:10.1159/000342497.

Plaha, P. et al., 2011. Bilateral caudal zona incerta nucleus stimulation for essential tremor: outcome and quality of life. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(8), págs.899-904.

Bibliografía recomendada

1: Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Aström M, Bergenheim T, Blomstedt P. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22205676.

2: Sandvik U, Hariz GM, Blomstedt P. Quality of life following DBS in the caudal zona incerta in patients with essential tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011 Nov 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22109693.

3: Lundgren S, Saeys T, Karlsson F, Olofsson K, Blomstedt P, Linder J, Nordh E, Zafar H, van Doorn J. Deep brain stimulation of caudal zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease: effects on voice intensity. Parkinsons Dis. 2011;2011:658956. Epub 2011 Oct 19. PubMed PMID: 22028987; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3199057.

4: Karlsson F, Unger E, Wahlgren S, Blomstedt P, Linder J, Nordh E, Zafar H, van Doorn J. Deep brain stimulation of caudal zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease: effects on diadochokinetic rate. Parkinsons Dis. 2011;2011:605607. Epub 2011 Oct 9. PubMed PMID: 22007342; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3191820.

5: Gorbachevskaia AI. [Interconnections of the pallidum, pedunculopontine nucleus, zona incerta, and deep mesencephalic nucleus–the structures of the basal ganglia morpho-functional system]. Morfologiia. 2011;139(3):19-24. Russian. PubMed PMID: 21954703.

6: Blomstedt P, Sandvik U, Linder J, Fredricks A, Forsgren L, Hariz MI. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus versus the zona incerta in the treatment of essential tremor. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011 Dec;153(12):2329-35. Epub 2011 Sep 10. PubMed PMID: 21904970.

7: Burrows AM, Ravin PD, Novak P, Peters ML, Dessureau B, Swearer J, Pilitsis JG. Limbic and Motor Function Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Zona Incerta and Subthalamic Nucleus. Neurosurgery. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21869721.

8: Inamura N, Ono K, Takebayashi H, Zalc B, Ikenaka K. Olig2 lineage cells generate GABAergic neurons in the prethalamic nuclei, including the zona incerta, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and reticular thalamic nucleus. Dev Neurosci. 2011;33(2):118-29. Epub 2011 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 21865661.

9: Fonoff ET, de Oliveira Magalhães FN, de Oliveira YS, Sallem FA, Teixeira MJ. Long-term outcome of atlas-based lesion of posterior zona incerta in secondary hemidystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011 Sep;17(8):649-50. Epub 2011 Jun 8. PubMed PMID: 21641267.

10: Liu M, Blanco-Centurion C, Konadhode R, Begum S, Pelluru D, Gerashchenko D, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, van den Pol AN, Shiromani PJ. Orexin gene transfer into zona incerta neurons suppresses muscle paralysis in narcoleptic mice. J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 20;31(16):6028-40. PubMed PMID: 21508228.

11: Khan S, Mooney L, Plaha P, Javed S, White P, Whone AL, Gill SS. Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease. Br J Neurosurg. 2011 Apr;25(2):273-80. Epub 2011 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 21344974.

12: Plaha P, Javed S, Agombar D, O' Farrell G, Khan S, Whone A, Gill S. Bilateral caudal zona incerta nucleus stimulation for essential tremor: outcome and quality of life. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;82(8):899-904. Epub 2011 Feb 1. PubMed PMID: 21285454.

13: Palkovits M, Usdin TB, Makara GB, Dobolyi A. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues- immunoreactive fibers in the zona incerta and the supraoptic decussations terminate in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Neurochem Res. 2010 Dec;35(12):2078-85. Epub 2010 Oct 24. PubMed PMID: 20972828.

14: Gorbachevskaia AI. [The striopallidal projections of the zona incerta in the dog diencephalon]. Morfologiia. 2010;137(2):9-12. Russian. PubMed PMID: 20572386.

15: Gorbachevskaia AI. [The analysis of the possible pathways of carrying information and its integration in the basal ganglia system on the basis of their interconnections with the zona incerta]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2010 Apr;96(4):433-40. Russian. PubMed PMID: 20564964.

16: Walker RH, Davies G, Koch RJ, Haack AK, Moore C, Meshul CK. Effects of zona incerta lesions on striatal neurochemistry and behavioral asymmetry in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Oct;88(13):2964-75. PubMed PMID: 20544826.

17: Gorbachevskaya AI. Connections between the zona incerta of the dog diencephalon and the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental field, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2010 Jul;40(6):603-7. Epub 2010 Jun 8. PubMed PMID: 20532829.

18: Gorbachevskaya AI. Organization of projections of the zona incerta of the diencephalon to pallidal structures in the dog brain. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2010 Jan;40(1):79-83. Epub 2009 Dec 11. PubMed PMID: 20012212.

19: Gorbachevskaia AI. [The connections of the zona incerta of the dog diencephalon with the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus]. Morfologiia. 2009;135(3):24-8. Russian. PubMed PMID: 19860325.

20: Merello M, Cavanagh S, Perez-Lloret S, Roldan E, Bruno V, Tenca E, Leiguarda R. Irritability, psychomotor agitation and progressive insomnia induced by bilateral stimulation of the area surrounding the dorsal subthalamic nucleus (zona incerta) in Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurol. 2009 Dec;256(12):2091-3. PubMed PMID: 19696977.

21: Masri R, Quiton RL, Lucas JM, Murray PD, Thompson SM, Keller A. Zona incerta: a role in central pain. J Neurophysiol. 2009 Jul;102(1):181-91. Epub 2009 Apr 29. PubMed PMID: 19403748; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2712264.

22: Gorbachevskaia AI. [The organization of diencephalic zona incerta projections to the structures of the pallidum in dog brain]. Morfologiia. 2008;134(6):18-22. Russian. PubMed PMID: 19241863.

23: Chapter 15 Subthalamic nucleus and Zona Incerta. Handb Clin Neurol. 2003;79:285-9. PubMed PMID: 18808803.

24: Chivileva OG, Gorbachevskaya AI. Projections of the basal ganglia to the zona incerta of the dog diencephalon. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008 Sep;38(7):743-6. Epub 2008 Aug 16. PubMed PMID: 18709459.

25: Gorbachevskaya AI, Chivileva OG. Structural organization of the zona incerta of the dog diencephalon. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008 Jul;38(6):573-8. Epub 2008 Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 18607735.

26: Guehl D, Vital A, Cuny E, Spampinato U, Rougier A, Bioulac B, Burbaud P. Postmortem proof of effectiveness of zona incerta stimulation in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2008 Apr 15;70(16 Pt 2):1489-90. PubMed PMID: 18413572.

27: Simpson K, Wang Y, Lin RC. Patterns of convergence in rat zona incerta from the trigeminal nuclear complex: light and electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol. 2008 Apr 1;507(4):1521-41. PubMed PMID: 18213707; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2921836.

28: Plaha P, Khan S, Gill SS. Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 May;79(5):504-13. Epub 2007 Nov 23. PubMed PMID: 18037630.

29: Plaha P, Filipovic S, Gill SS. Induction of parkinsonian resting tremor by stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus: a clinical study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 May;79(5):514-21. Epub 2007 Nov 23. PubMed PMID: 18037629.

30: Diamond ME, Ahissar E. When outgoing and incoming signals meet: new insights from the zona incerta. Neuron. 2007 Nov 21;56(4):578-9. Review. PubMed PMID: 18031676.

31: Giber K, Slézia A, Bokor H, Bodor AL, Ludányi A, Katona I, Acsády L. Heterogeneous output pathways link the anterior pretectal nucleus with the zona incerta and the thalamus in rat. J Comp Neurol. 2008 Jan 1;506(1):122-40. PubMed PMID: 17990275; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2670449.

32: Chivileva OG, Gorbachevskaia AI. [Basal ganglia projections to zona incerta of dog diencephalon]. Morfologiia. 2007;132(4):21-3. Russian. PubMed PMID: 17969422.

33: Gorbachevskaia AI, Chivileva OG. [Structural organization of the zona incerta in the dog diencephalon]. Morfologiia. 2007;131(3):16-21. Russian. PubMed PMID: 17722566.

34: Shin SY, Yang JH, Lee H, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lee SY, Ryu PD. Identification of the adrenoceptor subtypes expressed on GABAergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area and rostral zona incerta of GAD65-eGFP transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jul 18;422(3):153-7. Epub 2007 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 17618791.

35: Barthó P, Slézia A, Varga V, Bokor H, Pinault D, Buzsáki G, Acsády L. Cortical control of zona incerta. J Neurosci. 2007 Feb 14;27(7):1670-81. PubMed PMID: 17301175; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2670453.

36: Heise CE, Mitrofanis J. Reduction in parvalbumin expression in the zona incerta after 6OHDA lesion in rats. J Neurocytol. 2005 Dec;34(6):421-34. Epub 2006 Aug 10. PubMed PMID: 16902763.

37: Cavdar S, Onat F, Cakmak YO, Saka E, Yananli HR, Aker R. Connections of the zona incerta to the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat. J Anat. 2006 Aug;209(2):251-8. PubMed PMID: 16879603; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2100320.

38: Trageser JC, Burke KA, Masri R, Li Y, Sellers L, Keller A. State-dependent gating of sensory inputs by zona incerta. J Neurophysiol. 2006 Sep;96(3):1456-63. Epub 2006 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 16775205; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1764852.

39: Plaha P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Patel NK, Gill SS. Stimulation of the caudal zona incerta is superior to stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in improving contralateral parkinsonism. Brain. 2006 Jul;129(Pt 7):1732-47. Epub 2006 May 23. PubMed PMID: 16720681.

40: Merello M, Tenca E, Cerquetti D. Neuronal activity of the zona incerta in Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord. 2006 Jul;21(7):937-43. PubMed PMID: 16534763.

41: Vidal L, Blanchard J, Morin LP. Hypothalamic and zona incerta neurons expressing hypocretin, but not melanin concentrating hormone, project to the hamster intergeniculate leaflet. Neuroscience. 2005;134(3):1081-90. PubMed PMID: 15994022.

42: Mitrofanis J. Some certainty for the “zone of uncertainty”? Exploring the function of the zona incerta. Neuroscience. 2005;130(1):1-15. Review. PubMed PMID: 15561420.

43: Mitrofanis J, Ashkan K, Wallace BA, Benabid AL. Chemoarchitectonic heterogeneities in the primate zona incerta: clinical and functional implications. J Neurocytol. 2004 Jul;33(4):429-40. PubMed PMID: 15520528.

44: Trageser JC, Keller A. Reducing the uncertainty: gating of peripheral inputs by zona incerta. J Neurosci. 2004 Oct 6;24(40):8911-5. PubMed PMID: 15470158; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1388274.

45: Bregonzio C, Moreno GN, Cabrera RJ, Donoso AO. NMDA receptors in the medial zona incerta stimulate luteinizing hormone and prolactin release. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2004 Jun;24(3):331-42. PubMed PMID: 15209061.

46: Siddiqui A, Abu-Amara M, Aldairy C, Hagan JJ, Wilson C. 5-HT7 receptor subtype as a mediator of the serotonergic regulation of luteinizing hormone release in the zona incerta. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 26;491(1):77-84. PubMed PMID: 15102536.

47: Bagi EE, Fekete E, Bányai D, Lénárd L. Effects of angiotensin II and AIII microinjections into the zona incerta after intra- and extracellular fluid loss. Brain Res. 2004 Mar 26;1002(1-2):110-9. PubMed PMID: 14988040.

48: Benazzouz A, Tai CH, Meissner W, Bioulac B, Bezard E, Gross C. High-frequency stimulation of both zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus induces a similar normalization of basal ganglia metabolic activity in experimental parkinsonism. FASEB J. 2004 Mar;18(3):528-30. Epub 2004 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 14715698.

49: Heise CE, Mitrofanis J. Evidence for a glutamatergic projection from the zona incerta to the basal ganglia of rats. J Comp Neurol. 2004 Jan 19;468(4):482-95. PubMed PMID: 14689481.

50: Bagi EE, Fekete E, Lénárd L. Angiotensin II and III microinjections into the zona incerta influence drinking behavior. Brain Res. 2003 Jul 11;977(2):199-208. PubMed PMID: 12834880.

51: Sita LV, Elias CF, Bittencourt JC. Dopamine and melanin-concentrating hormone neurons are distinct populations in the rat rostromedial zona incerta. Brain Res. 2003 Apr 25;970(1-2):232-7. PubMed PMID: 12706266.

52: Shaw V, Mitrofanis J. Anatomical evidence for somatotopic maps in the zona incerta of rats. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2002 Dec;206(1-2):119-30. Epub 2002 Nov 9. PubMed PMID: 12478373.

53: Barthó P, Freund TF, Acsády L. Selective GABAergic innervation of thalamic nuclei from zona incerta. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Sep;16(6):999-1014. PubMed PMID: 12383229.

54: Mitrofanis J. Evidence for an auditory subsector within the zona incerta of rats. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2002 Oct;205(5-6):453-62. Epub 2002 Sep 7. PubMed PMID: 12382148.

55: Périer C, Tremblay L, Féger J, Hirsch EC. Behavioral consequences of bicuculline injection in the subthalamic nucleus and the zona incerta in rat. J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 1;22(19):8711-9. PubMed PMID: 12351746.

56: Power BD, Mitrofanis J. Ultrastructure of afferents from the zona incerta to the posterior and parafascicular thalamic nuclei of rats. J Comp Neurol. 2002 Sep 9;451(1):33-44. PubMed PMID: 12209839.

57: Mitrofanis J. Distinctive patterns of connectivity between the zona incerta and the red nucleus of rats. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2002 Jul;205(4):283-9. Epub 2002 Jun 14. PubMed PMID: 12136258.

58: Shaw VE, Mitrofanis J. Lamination of spinal cells projecting to the zona incerta of rats. J Neurocytol. 2001 Aug;30(8):695-704. PubMed PMID: 12118157.

59: Hamani C, Sakabe S, Bortolotto ZA, Cavalheiro EA, Mello LE. Inhibitory role of the zona incerta in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2002 Mar;49(1):73-80. PubMed PMID: 11948009.

60: Mungarndee SS, Baldwin BA, Chindadoungratana C, Kotchabhakdi N. Hypothalamic and zona incerta neurons in sheep, initially only responding to the sight of food, also respond to the sight of water after intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline or angiotensin II. Brain Res. 2002 Jan 25;925(2):204-12. PubMed PMID: 11792369.

61: Nandi D, Chir M, Liu X, Bain P, Parkin S, Joint C, Winter J, Stein J, Scott R, Gregory R, Aziz T. Electrophysiological confirmation of the zona incerta as a target for surgical treatment of disabling involuntary arm movements in multiple sclerosis: use of local field potentials. J Clin Neurosci. 2002 Jan;9(1):64-8. PubMed PMID: 11749021.

62: Mitrofanis J, deFonseka R. Organisation of connections between the zona incerta and the interposed nucleus. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2001 Aug;204(2):153-9. PubMed PMID: 11556530.

63: Power BD, Leamey CA, Mitrofanis J. Evidence for a visual subsector within the zona incerta. Vis Neurosci. 2001 Mar-Apr;18(2):179-86. PubMed PMID: 11417792.

64: Power BD, Mitrofanis J. Zona incerta: Substrate for contralateral interconnectivity in the thalamus of rats. J Comp Neurol. 2001 Jul 16;436(1):52-63. PubMed PMID: 11413546.

65: Siddiqui A, Kotecha K, Salicioni AM, Kalia V, Murray JF, Wilson CA. Serotonin inhibits luteinizing hormone release via 5-HT1A receptors in the zona incerta of ovariectomised, anaesthetised rats primed with steroids. Neuroendocrinology. 2000 Nov;72(5):272-83. PubMed PMID: 11124584.

66: Murray JF, Mercer JG, Adan RA, Datta JJ, Aldairy C, Moar KM, Baker BI, Stock MJ, Wilson CA. The effect of leptin on luteinizing hormone release is exerted in the zona incerta and mediated by melanin-concentrating hormone. J Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Nov;12(11):1133-9. PubMed PMID: 11069129.

67: Robak A, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Szteyn S. Types of neurons of the subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in the guinea pig–Nissl and Golgi study. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2000;59(2):85-90. PubMed PMID: 10859880.

68: Power BD, Mitrofanis J. Specificity of projection among cells of the zona incerta. J Neurocytol. 1999 Jun;28(6):481-93. PubMed PMID: 10767100.

69: Périer C, Vila M, Féger J, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. Functional activity of zona incerta neurons is altered after nigrostriatal denervation in hemiparkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol. 2000 Mar;162(1):215-24. PubMed PMID: 10716902.

70: Kalia V, Fenske C, Hole DR, Wilson CA. Effect of gonadal steroids and gamma-aminobutyric acid on LH release and dopamine expression and activity in the zona incerta in rats. J Reprod Fertil. 1999 Sep;117(1):189-97. PubMed PMID: 10645260.

71: Mitrofanis J, Mikuletic L. Organisation of the cortical projection to the zona incerta of the thalamus. J Comp Neurol. 1999 Sep 13;412(1):173-85. PubMed PMID: 10440718.

72: Power BD, Mitrofanis J. Evidence for extensive inter-connections within the zona incerta in rats. Neurosci Lett. 1999 May 21;267(1):9-12. PubMed PMID: 10400236.

73: Kolmac C, Mitrofanis J. Distribution of various neurochemicals within the zona incerta: an immunocytochemical and histochemical study. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1999 Mar;199(3):265-80. PubMed PMID: 10068092.

74: Power BD, Kolmac CI, Mitrofanis J. Evidence for a large projection from the zona incerta to the dorsal thalamus. J Comp Neurol. 1999 Feb 22;404(4):554-65. PubMed PMID: 9987997.

75: Cheung S, Ballew JR, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ. Contribution of dopamine neurons in the medial zona incerta to the innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala, horizontal diagonal band of Broca and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 1998 Oct 19;808(2):174-81. PubMed PMID: 9767160.

76: Bittencourt JC, Elias CF. Melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI projections from the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta to the medial septal nucleus and spinal cord: a study using multiple neuronal tracers. Brain Res. 1998 Sep 14;805(1-2):1-19. PubMed PMID: 9733903.

77: Kolmac CI, Power BD, Mitrofanis J. Patterns of connections between zona incerta and brainstem in rats. J Comp Neurol. 1998 Jul 13;396(4):544-55. PubMed PMID: 9651011.

78: Onodera S, Hicks TP. Projections from substantia nigra and zona incerta to the cat's nucleus of Darkschewitsch. J Comp Neurol. 1998 Jul 13;396(4):461-82. PubMed PMID: 9651005.

79: Ma TP, Johnson JC, Hoskins GA. Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: an electron microscopic study. Anat Rec. 1997 Oct;249(2):259-75. PubMed PMID: 9335473.

80: May PJ, Sun W, Hall WC. Reciprocal connections between the zona incerta and the pretectum and superior colliculus of the cat. Neuroscience. 1997 Apr;77(4):1091-114. PubMed PMID: 9130790.

81: Vanhatalo S, Soinila S. Superfluous expression of tryptophan hydroxylase in the zona incerta dopaminergic neurones. Neuroreport. 1996 Nov 25;7(18):2889-92. PubMed PMID: 9116203.

82: Ma TP. Saccade-related omnivectoral pause neurons in the primate zona incerta. Neuroreport. 1996 Nov 4;7(15-17):2713-6. PubMed PMID: 8981453.

83: Tonelli L, Chiaraviglio E. Dopaminergic neurons in the zona incerta modulates ingestive behavior in rats. Physiol Behav. 1995 Oct;58(4):725-9. PubMed PMID: 8559782.

84: Mihailoff GA. Orthograde axonal transport studies of projections from the zona incerta and pretectum to the basilar pontine nuclei in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1995 Sep 18;360(2):301-18. PubMed PMID: 8522649.

85: Brudzynski SM, Cruickshank JW, McLachlan RS. Cholinergic mechanisms in generalized seizures: importance of the zona incerta. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 May;22(2):116-20. PubMed PMID: 7627912.

86: Wagner CK, Eaton MJ, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ. Efferent projections from the region of the medial zona incerta containing A13 dopaminergic neurons: a PHA-L anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. Brain Res. 1995 Apr 24;677(2):229-37. PubMed PMID: 7552247.

87: Nicolelis MA, Chapin JK, Lin RC. Development of direct GABAergic projections from the zona incerta to the somatosensory cortex of the rat. Neuroscience. 1995 Mar;65(2):609-31. PubMed PMID: 7777173.

88: Eaton MJ, Wagner CK, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ. Neurochemical identification of A13 dopaminergic neuronal projections from the medial zona incerta to the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Brain Res. 1994 Oct 3;659(1-2):201-7. PubMed PMID: 7820662.

89: Ossowska K, Karcz-Kubicha M, Wardas J, Krezołek A, Wolfarth S. Zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus as an output structure for impulses involved in neuroleptic drug-induced catalepsy. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Apr;347(4):415-20. PubMed PMID: 8099716.

90: Lechner J, Leah JD, Zimmermann M. Brainstem peptidergic neurons projecting to the medial and lateral thalamus and zona incerta in the rat. Brain Res. 1993 Feb 12;603(1):47-56. PubMed PMID: 7680939.

91: Tonelli L, Chiaraviglio E. Enhancement of water intake in rats after lidocaine injection in the zona incerta. Brain Res Bull. 1993;31(1-2):1-5. PubMed PMID: 8453481.

92: Kim U, Gregory E, Hall WC. Pathway from the zona incerta to the superior colliculus in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1992 Jul 22;321(4):555-75. PubMed PMID: 1380519.

93: Supko DE, Wallace LJ. AMPA glutamate receptor activation in the posterior zona incerta inhibits amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Brain Res. 1992 Jul 3;584(1-2):213-8. PubMed PMID: 1381265.

94: Nakanishi H, Yamamoto K, Kita H. Lateral hypothalamus and local stimulation induced postsynaptic responses in zona incerta neurons in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat. Brain Res. 1992 Jun 26;583(1-2):287-91. PubMed PMID: 1354564.

95: Ma TP, Hu XJ, Anavi Y, Rafols JA. Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: a Nissl and Golgi study. J Comp Neurol. 1992 Jun 15;320(3):273-90. PubMed PMID: 1319431.

96: Nicolelis MA, Chapin JK, Lin RC. Somatotopic maps within the zona incerta relay parallel GABAergic somatosensory pathways to the neocortex, superior colliculus, and brainstem. Brain Res. 1992 Apr 10;577(1):134-41. PubMed PMID: 1521138.

97: Supko DE, Uretsky NJ, Wallace LJ. AMPA/kainic acid glutamate receptor antagonism in the zona incerta dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus inhibits amphetamine-induced stereotypy bur not locomotor activity. Brain Res. 1992 Mar 27;576(1):89-96. PubMed PMID: 1325238.

98: Maillard CA, Edwards DA. Excitotoxin lesions of the zona incerta/lateral tegmentum continuum: effects on male sexual behavior in rats. Behav Brain Res. 1991 Dec 20;46(2):143-9. PubMed PMID: 1664729.

99: Supko DE, Uretsky NJ, Wallace LJ. Activation of AMPA/kainic acid glutamate receptors in the zona incerta stimulates locomotor activity. Brain Res. 1991 Nov 8;564(1):159-63. PubMed PMID: 1663813.

100: Sanghera MK, Anselmo-Franci J, McCann SM. Effect of medial zona incerta lesions on the ovulatory surge of gonadotrophins and prolactin in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1991 Nov;54(5):433-8. PubMed PMID: 1749458.

101: Edwards DA, Isaacs S. Zona incerta lesions: effects on copulation, partner-preference and other socio-sexual behaviors. Behav Brain Res. 1991 Aug 29;44(2):145-50. PubMed PMID: 1751005.

102: Kendrick KM, Hinton MR, Baldwin BA. GABA release in the zona incerta of the sheep in response to the sight and ingestion of food and salt. Brain Res. 1991 May 31;550(1):165-8. PubMed PMID: 1888995.

103: Lin CS, Nicolelis MA, Schneider JS, Chapin JK Jr. GABAergic pathway from zona incerta to neocortex: clarification. Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1162. PubMed PMID: 1706534.

104: Dornan WA, Peterson M, Matuszewich L, Malen P. Ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the medial zona incerta decrease lordosis behavior in the female rat. Behav Neurosci. 1991 Feb;105(1):210-4. PubMed PMID: 2025390.

105: Wilson CA, James MD, Grierson JP, Hole DR. Involvement of catecholaminergic systems in the zona incerta in the steroidal control of gonadotrophin release and female sexual behaviour. Neuroendocrinology. 1991 Feb;53(2):113-23. PubMed PMID: 1901630.

106: Arbogast LA, Voogt JL. Hyperprolactinemia increases and hypoprolactinemia decreases tyrosine hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the arcuate nuclei, but not the substantia nigra or zona incerta. Endocrinology. 1991 Feb;128(2):997-1005. PubMed PMID: 1703487.

107: Jurkowlaniec E, Trojniar W, Tokarski J. The EEG activity after lesions of the diencephalic part of the zona incerta in rats. Acta Physiol Pol. 1990 Nov-Dec;41(7):85-97. PubMed PMID: 2136322.

108: Wilson CA, James MD, Leigh AJ. Role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the zona incerta in the control of luteinizing hormone release and ovulation. Neuroendocrinology. 1990 Oct;52(4):354-60. PubMed PMID: 2124661.

109: Lin CS, Nicolelis MA, Schneider JS, Chapin JK. A major direct GABAergic pathway from zona incerta to neocortex. Science. 1990 Jun 22;248(4962):1553-6. PubMed PMID: 2360049.

110: Ossowska K, Wardas J, Golembiowska K, Wolfarth S. Lateral hypothalamus-zona incerta region as an output station for the catalepsy induced by the blockade of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Brain Res. 1990 Jan 8;506(2):311-5. PubMed PMID: 2154287.

111: Eaton MJ, Moss RL. Electrophysiological evidence for an excitatory amino acid projection from the ventromedial hypothalamus to the medial zona incerta. Synapse. 1990;5(1):77-9. PubMed PMID: 2300907.

112: Eaton MJ, Moss RL. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of neurons of the medial zona incerta: an in vitro slice study. Brain Res. 1989 Nov 13;502(1):117-26. PubMed PMID: 2479452.

113: Morrell JI, Rosenthal MF, McCabe JT, Harrington CA, Chikaraishi DM, Pfaff DW. Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the neurons of the tuberoinfundibular region and zona incerta examined after gonadal steroid hormone treatment. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;3(9):1426-33. PubMed PMID: 2575219.

114: Kendrick KM, Baldwin BA. The effects of sodium appetite on the responses of cells in the zona incerta to the sight or ingestion of food, salt and water in sheep. Brain Res. 1989 Jul 17;492(1-2):211-8. PubMed PMID: 2752297.

115: Ficalora AS, Mize RR. The neurons of the substantia nigra and zona incerta which project to the cat superior colliculus are GABA immunoreactive: a double-label study using GABA immunocytochemistry and lectin retrograde transport. Neuroscience. 1989;29(3):567-81. PubMed PMID: 2739902.

116: Wardas J, Ossowska K, Wolfarth S. Evidence for the independent role of GABA synapses of the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamic region in haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Brain Res. 1988 Oct 18;462(2):378-82. PubMed PMID: 3191399.

117: Leanza G, Pellitteri R, Russo A, Stanzani S. Branching axons from subcoeruleus area project to the nucleus raphe pontis and hypothalamic zona incerta, as studied with the double fluorescent retrograde tracing technique. Neurosci Lett. 1988 Oct 5;92(2):132-6. PubMed PMID: 3185982.

118: Spencer SE, Sawyer WB, Loewy AD. L-glutamate stimulation of the zona incerta in the rat decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Brain Res. 1988 Aug 16;458(1):72-81. PubMed PMID: 2905195.

119: Tanaka J, Seto K. Neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta with ascending projections to the subfornical organ area in the rat. Brain Res. 1988 Jul 26;456(2):397-400. PubMed PMID: 3208088.

120: Merchenthaler I, Maderdrut JL, Weber E, Petrusz P. Characterization of metorphamide-like immunoreactivity in the zona incerta and lateral hypothalamus: co-localization with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 1988 Jun 14;452(1-2):87-96. PubMed PMID: 2841010.

121: MacKenzie FJ, James MD, Wilson CA. Changes in dopamine activity in the zona incerta (ZI) over the rat oestrous cycle and the effect of lesions of the ZI on cyclicity: further evidence that the incerto-hypothalamic tract has a stimulatory role in the control of LH release. Brain Res. 1988 Mar 15;444(1):75-83. PubMed PMID: 3129140.

122: Frankfurt M, Beaudet A. Reinnervation of dopamine neurons by regenerating serotonin axons in the rat medial zona incerta. A combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical ultrastructural study. Exp Brain Res. 1988;72(3):473-80. PubMed PMID: 2906880.

123: Ikeda K, Tomonaga M. The presence of creatine kinase (CK)-immunoreactive neurons in the zona incerta and lateral hypothalamic area of the mouse brain. Brain Res. 1987 Dec 1;435(1-2):348-50. PubMed PMID: 3322504.

124: James MD, MacKenzie FJ, Tuohy-Jones PA, Wilson CA. Dopaminergic neurones in the zona incerta exert a stimulatory control on gonadotrophin release via D1 dopamine receptors. Neuroendocrinology. 1987 May;45(5):348-55. PubMed PMID: 3035408.

125: Wardas J, Ossowska K, Wolfarth S. The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid mechanisms of the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus in the catalepsy and muscle rigidity evoked by morphine. Brain Res. 1987 Apr 7;408(1-2):363-6. PubMed PMID: 3036305.

126: Mok D, Mogenson GJ. Convergence of signals in the zona incerta for angiotensin-mediated and osmotic thirst. Brain Res. 1987 Mar 31;407(2):332-40. PubMed PMID: 3567649.

127: Leanza G, Pellitteri R, Russo A, Stanzani S. [Afferent projections to the raphe pontis and zona incerta. Study using using fluorescent dye markers]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1986 Nov 30;62(11):1389-93. Italian. PubMed PMID: 3828137.

128: Mok D, Mogenson GJ. Contribution of zona incerta to osmotically induced drinking in rats. Am J Physiol. 1986 Nov;251(5 Pt 2):R823-32. PubMed PMID: 3777209.

129: Kendrick KM, Baldwin BA, Cooper TR, Sharman DF. Uric acid is released in the zona incerta of the subthalamic region of the sheep during rumination and in response to feeding and drinking stimuli. Neurosci Lett. 1986 Oct 8;70(2):272-7. PubMed PMID: 2430241.

130: Kendrick KM, Baldwin BA. The activity of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta of the sheep responding to the sight or approach of food is modified by learning and satiety and reflects food preference. Brain Res. 1986 Jun 11;375(2):320-8. PubMed PMID: 3730826.

131: Kendrick KM, Baldwin BA. Characterization of neuronal responses in the zona incerta of the subthalamic region of the sheep during ingestion of food and liquid. Neurosci Lett. 1986 Jan 30;63(3):237-42. PubMed PMID: 3951750.

132: Romanowski CA, Mitchell IJ, Crossman AR. The organisation of the efferent projections of the zona incerta. J Anat. 1985 Dec;143:75-95. PubMed PMID: 3870735; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1166426.

133: Roger M, Cadusseau J. Afferents to the zona incerta in the rat: a combined retrograde and anterograde study. J Comp Neurol. 1985 Nov 22;241(4):480-92. PubMed PMID: 4078044.

134: Shiosaka S, Kawai Y, Shibasaki T, Tohyama M. The descending alpha-MSHergic (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-ergic) projections from the zona incerta and lateral hypothalamic area to the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat. Brain Res. 1985 Jul 15;338(2):371-5. PubMed PMID: 4027603.

135: Mogenson GJ, Swanson LW, Wu M. Evidence that projections from substantia innominata to zona incerta and mesencephalic locomotor region contribute to locomotor activity. Brain Res. 1985 May 13;334(1):65-76. PubMed PMID: 3995314.

136: Shammah-Lagnado SJ, Negrão N, Ricardo JA. Afferent connections of the zona incerta: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience. 1985 May;15(1):109-34. PubMed PMID: 4010931.

137: Uemura-Sumi M, Osterstock J, Millhouse OE. The zona incerta: another source of centrifugal fibers to the main olfactory bulb. Neurosci Lett. 1985 Feb 4;53(3):241-5. PubMed PMID: 3982710.

138: Cadusseau J, Roger M. [Description of a reciprocal connection between the zona incerta and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. Anatomic study in rats]. C R Acad Sci III. 1985;300(17):643-6. French. PubMed PMID: 2427174.

139: Shiosaka S, Shibasaki T, Tohyama M. Bilateral alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormonergic fiber system from zona incerta to cerebral cortex: combined retrograde axonal transport and immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 1984 Sep 10;309(2):350-3. PubMed PMID: 6383519.

140: Bosler O, Joh TH, Beaudet A. Ultrastructural relationships between serotonin and dopamine neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus and medial zona incerta: a combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical study. Neurosci Lett. 1984 Aug 10;48(3):279-85. PubMed PMID: 6148725.

141: Köhler C, Haglund L, Swanson LW. A diffuse alpha MSH-immunoreactive projection to the hippocampus and spinal cord from individual neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. J Comp Neurol. 1984 Mar 10;223(4):501-14. PubMed PMID: 6325509.

142: Tepper BJ, Kanarek RB. 2-DG-induced glucopenia does elicit feeding in rats with lesions of the zona incerta. Physiol Behav. 1984 Mar;32(3):441-6. PubMed PMID: 6379706.

143: Dalton LD, Grossman SP. Responses to dietary adulterations in rats with zona incerta lesions. Physiol Behav. 1982 Jul;29(1):51-60. PubMed PMID: 7122735.

144: Oertel WH, Tappaz ML, Berod A, Mugnaini E. Two-color immunohistochemistry for dopamine and GABA neurons in rat substantia nigra and zona incerta. Brain Res Bull. 1982 Jul-Dec;9(1-6):463-74. PubMed PMID: 6129046.

145: Steriade M, Parent A, Ropert N, Kitsikis A. Zona incerta and lateral hypothalamic afferents to the midbrain reticular core of cat–HRP and electrophysiological study. Brain Res. 1982 Apr 22;238(1):13-28. PubMed PMID: 7083012.

146: Ricardo JA. Efferent connections of the subthalamic region in the rat. II. The zona incerta. Brain Res. 1981 Jun 9;214(1):43-60. PubMed PMID: 7237165.

147: Kawana E, Watanabe K. A cytoarchitectonic study of zona incerta in the rat. J Hirnforsch. 1981;22(5):535-41. PubMed PMID: 7328309.

148: Loskutova LV, Vinnitskii IM, Il'yuchenok RYu. Participation of the zona incerta in mechanisms of the conditioned avoidance reaction. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1981 Jan-Feb;11(1):60-2. PubMed PMID: 6973707.

149: Kiefer SW, Grijalva CV. Taste reactivity in rats following lesions of the zona incerta or amygdala. Physiol Behav. 1980 Oct;25(4):549-54. PubMed PMID: 7208651.

150: Kelly J, Swanson LW. Additional forebrain regions projecting to the posterior pituitary: preoptic region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and zona incerta. Brain Res. 1980 Sep 15;197(1):1-9. PubMed PMID: 7397547.

151: Brown B, Grossman SP. Evidence that nerve cell bodies in the zona incerta influence ingestive behavior. Brain Res Bull. 1980 Sep-Oct;5(5):593-7. PubMed PMID: 7427756.

152: McDermott LJ, Grossman SP. The effects of amphetamine or caffeine on the response to glucoprivation in rats with rostral zona incerta lesions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1980 Jun;12(6):949-57. PubMed PMID: 6995995.

153: Roehrs TA, Allen JD. Delayed acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in rats with zona incerta lesions. Physiol Behav. 1980 May;24(5):895-9. PubMed PMID: 7403292.

154: McDermott LJ, Grossman SP. Responsiveness to 2-deoxy-d-glucose and insulin in rats with rostral zona incerta lesions. Physiol Behav. 1980 Mar;24(3):585-92. PubMed PMID: 6990433.

155: McDermott LJ, Grossmann SP. Circadian rhythms in ingestive behavior and responsiveness to glucoprivic and osmotic challenges in rats with rostral zona incerta lesions. Physiol Behav. 1980 Mar;24(3):575-84. PubMed PMID: 6990432.

156: Dubrovina NI, Il'iuchenok RIu. [Descending and ascending influences on zona incerta neurons]. Neirofiziologiia. 1980;12(1):46-52. Russian. PubMed PMID: 7366781.

157: Iwahori N, Mizuno N. A Golgi study on the zona incerta of the mouse. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1980;161(2):145-58. PubMed PMID: 6162402.

158: McDermott LJ, Grossman SP. Regulation of calorie intake in rats with rostral zona incerta lesions: effects of caloric density or palatability of the diet. Physiol Behav. 1979 Dec;23(6):1135-40. PubMed PMID: 542524.

159: Legg CR. Visual discrimination impairments after lesions in zona incerta or lateral terminal nucleus of accessory optic tract. Brain Res. 1979 Nov 30;177(3):461-78. PubMed PMID: 497846.

160: Stamoutsos BA, Carpenter RG, Grossman L, Grossman SP. Impaired feeding responses to intragastric, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats with zona incerta lesions. Physiol Behav. 1979 Oct;23(4):771-6. PubMed PMID: 504474.

161: Rowland N, Grossman SP, Grossman L. Zona incerta lesions: regulatory drinking deficits to intravenous NaCl, angiotensin, but not to salt in the food. Physiol Behav. 1979 Oct;23(4):745-50. PubMed PMID: 504470.

162: Loskutova LV, Vinnitskiĭ IM, Il'iuchenok RIu. [Participation of the zona incerta in conditioned avoidance reaction mechanisms]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1979 Mar-Apr;29(2):396-8. Russian. PubMed PMID: 452723.

163: Kaelber WW, Smith TB. Projections of the zona incerta in the cat, with stimulation controls. Exp Neurol. 1979 Jan;63(1):177-200. PubMed PMID: 467542.

164: Grossman SP, Grossman L. Parametric study of the regulatory capabilities of rats with rostromedial zona incerta lesions: responsiveness to hypertonic saline and polyethylene glycol. Physiol Behav. 1978 Sep;21(3):431-40. PubMed PMID: 740760.

165: Walsh LL, Grossman SP. Dissociation of responses to extracellular thirst stimuli following zona incerta lesions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1978 Apr;8(4):409-15. PubMed PMID: 353819.

166: Walsh LL, Halaris AE, Grossman L, Grossman SP. Some biochemical effects of zona incerta lesions that interfere with the regulation of water intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1977 Oct;7(4):351-6. PubMed PMID: 928493.

167: Evered MD, Mogenson GJ. Impairment in fluid ingestion in rats with lesions of the zona incerta. Am J Physiol. 1977 Jul;233(1):R53-8. PubMed PMID: 879344.

168: Walsh LL, Grossman SP. Electrolytic lesions and knife cuts in the region of the zona incerta impair sodium appetite. Physiol Behav. 1977 Apr;18(4):587-96. PubMed PMID: 896971.

169: Kuzemenský J. Contribution to the cytoarchitectonics of the zona incerta and Forel's field in rodents. Folia Morphol (Praha). 1977;25(4):366-70. PubMed PMID: 336492.

170: Evered MD, Mogenson GJ. Regulatory and secondary water intake in rats with lesions of the zona incerta. Am J Physiol. 1976 Apr;230(4):1049-57. PubMed PMID: 1266998.

171: Walsh LL, Grossman SP. Zona incerta lesions impair osmotic but not hypovolemic thirst. Physiol Behav. 1976 Feb;16(2):211-5. PubMed PMID: 940862.

172: Walsh LL, Grossman SP. Loss of feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose but not insulin after zona incerta lesions in the rat. Physiol Behav. 1975 Oct;15(5):481-5. PubMed PMID: 1221455.

173: Bubnov AN. [Neurosurgical anatomy of the zona incerta applicable to subthalamotomy]. Vopr Neirokhir. 1975 Jan-Feb;(1):36-40. Russian. PubMed PMID: 1091095.

174: Mascarenhas JF, Gogate MG, Dhume RA. Effect of lesions of zona incerta on the plasma seromucoid levels in cats. Indian J Med Res. 1974 Mar;62(3):407-12. PubMed PMID: 4616012.

175: Walsh LL, Grossman SP. Zona incerta lesions: disruption of regulatory water intake. Physiol Behav. 1973 Dec;11(6):885-7. PubMed PMID: 4763477.

176: Duckett S. Horizontal cells in the zona incerta of the developing human telencephalon. Experientia. 1973 Sep 15;29(9):1124. PubMed PMID: 4744869.

177: Boivie J. The termination in the thalamus and the zona incerta of fibres from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in the cat. an experimental study with silver impregnation methods. Brain Res. 1971 May 21;28(3):459-90. PubMed PMID: 4106845.

178: Duensing F, Haufe F. Afferent information and stimulation effects in the nucleus interstitialis and the zona incerta of rabbits. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1969 Apr;26(4):436. PubMed PMID: 4183576.

179: Mundinger F. Stereotaxic interventions on the zona incerta area for treatment of extrapyramidal motor disturbances and their results. Confin Neurol. 1965;26(3):222-30. PubMed PMID: 5329822.

180: ELLEN P, POWELL EW. TIMING BEHAVIOR AFTER LESIONS OF ZONA INCERTA AND MAMMILLARY BODY. Science. 1963 Aug 30;141(3583):828-30. PubMed PMID: 14045145.

181: HYDE JE, TOCZEK S. Functional relation of interstitial nucleus to rotatory movements evoked from zona incerta stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 1962 Jul;25:455-66. PubMed PMID: 14450319.